EU machinery imports totaled €235B in 2024 (HS Chapter 84). China (€68B), the US (€32B), Switzerland (€22B), Japan (€18B) and the UK (€15B) lead. MFN rates on industrial machinery typically run 0–4.5%, with most categories at 0% under the WTO IT Agreement or EU-bound zero rates. The new EU Machinery Regulation (2023/1…